Porcine respiratory epithelium express both human and avian specific sialyl-oligosaccharide receptors. However, some influenza A variants cross the species barrier.
The expression of the glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), on the viral envelope determines the species specific infection via the sialic acid linked oligosaccharide receptors. Influenza A is a highly contagious respiratory virus with 3,000 to 49,000 deaths, annually. The emergence of the swine-origin H1N1pdm09 influenza A outbreak illustrated the need to understand the processes underlying the antigenic shift and zoonotic transmission of influenza A. These results suggest that airborne influenza A virus is present in the breathing zone of veterinarians treating swine, and the aerosol route of zoonotic transmission of influenza virus should be further evaluated among agricultural workers. In addition, the majority of viral particles were detected by the NIOSH bioaerosol sampler in the >4 μm size fraction. A greater number of viral particles were recovered from the NIOSH bioaerosol sampler (2094 RNA copies/m 3) compared to the PHISH sampler (545 RNA copies/m 3). Two personal bioaerosol samplers, the NIOSH bioaerosol sampler and the personal high-flow inhalable sampler head (PHISH), were placed in the breathing zone of veterinarians treating swine infected with either H1N1 or H3N2 influenza A. However, the personal exposure of veterinarians treating infected swine has not been characterized. Airborne influenza A virus has been detected in swine facilities during an outbreak. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic emphasized a need to evaluate zoonotic transmission of influenza A in swine production.
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